I te mea kua huri te hanga ki te taumata teitei, kua tere te whanaketanga o te umanga hiko ma, me te whanaketanga o te umanga haurua-ira me te photovoltaic, me te kaha tukatuka teitei me te tino tika o ngā taputapu taimana e piki haere ana te tono, engari ko te paura taimana horihori te rauemi mata nui rawa atu, kāore i te kaha te pupuri taimana me te kaha o te matrix, he ngawari ki te pupuri i te taputapu carbide i te wā tuatahi. Hei whakaoti i ēnei raruraru, ko te tikanga ka whakamahia e te umanga te paninga mata paura taimana me ngā rauemi whakarewa, hei whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga o te mata, hei whakanui ake i te roa, kia pai ake ai te kounga whānui o te taputapu.
He maha atu ngā tikanga paninga mata paura taimana, tae atu ki te whakakikorua matū, te whakakikorua hiko, te whakakikorua magnetron sputtering, te whakakikorua mimiti korehau, te tauhohenga pahū wera, me ētahi atu. Tae atu ki te whakakikorua matū me te whakakikorua me te tukanga pakeke, te paninga ōrite, ka taea te whakahaere tika i te hanganga me te matotoru o te paninga. Ko ngā painga o te paninga ritenga, kua riro ko ngā hangarau e rua e whakamahia whānuitia ana i te umanga.
1. whakakikorua matū
Ko te paninga matū paura taimana he paninga i te paura taimana kua rongoatia ki roto i te wai paninga matū, ā, mā te mahi a te matū whakaiti i roto i te wai paninga matū ka putuhia ngā katote konganuku ki roto i te wai paninga, ka hanga he paninga konganuku matotoru. I tēnei wā, ko te paninga matū taimana e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te paninga nikara matū-fosfor (Ni-P) koranu rua e kiia ana ko te paninga nikara matū.
01 Te hanganga o te otinga whakakikorua nikara matū
He pānga nui tō te hanganga o te otinga whakakikorua matū ki te maeneene o te haere, te pumau me te kounga o te paninga o tana tauhohenga matū. Kei roto i te nuinga o te wā ko te tote matua, te matū whakaiti, te matū matatini, te matū ārai, te matū whakaū, te whakateretere, te matū horoi me ētahi atu wāhanga. Me āta whakatikatika te ōwehenga o ia wāhanga kia whiwhi ai i te pānga paninga pai rawa atu.
1, te tote matua: ko te tikanga he nikara whanariki, he nikara pūhaumāota, he nikara waikawa amino sulfonic, he nikara waro, me ētahi atu. Ko tōna mahi matua ko te whakarato i te pūtake nikara.
2. Kaihoko whakaiti: ka whakaratohia te nuinga o te hauwai ngota, ka whakaiti i te Ni2+ i roto i te otinga whakakikorua ki roto i te Ni, ka whakatakoto ki runga i te mata o ngā matūriki taimana, koinei te wāhanga tino nui o te otinga whakakikorua. I roto i te umanga, ko te konutai tuarua phosphate me te kaha whakaiti kaha, te utu iti me te pumau whakakikorua pai te nuinga e whakamahia ana hei kaihoko whakaiti. Ka taea e te pūnaha whakaiti te whakatutuki i te whakakikorua matū i te pāmahana iti me te pāmahana teitei.
3, te matū matatini: ka taea e te otinga paninga te whakaputa i te ua, te whakarei ake i te pumau o te otinga paninga, te whakaroa i te roa o te ratonga o te otinga whakakikorua, te whakapai ake i te tere o te whakatakotoranga o te nikara, te whakapai ake i te kounga o te paparanga paninga, te waikawa succinin, te waikawa citric, te waikawa lactic me ētahi atu waikawa waro me ō rātou tote te nuinga o te wā.
4. Ētahi atu wāhanga: ka taea e te whakau te aukati i te pirau o te otinga whakakikorua, engari nā te mea ka pā ki te putanga o te tauhohenga whakakikorua matū, me whakamahi taurite; ka taea e te pāpare te whakaputa H+ i te wā o te tauhohenga whakakikorua nikara matū hei whakarite i te pumau tonu o te pH; ka taea e te surfactant te whakaiti i te porosity o te paninga.
02 Te tukanga whakakikorua nikara matū
Ko te whakakikorua matū o te pūnaha konutai hypophosphate e hiahia ana kia whai ngohe whakakorikori te matrix, ā, kāore he pokapū ngohe whakakorikori o te mata taimana tonu, nō reira me tukatuka mua i mua i te whakakikorua matū o te paura taimana. Ko te tikanga tukatuka mua tuku iho o te whakakikorua matū ko te tango hinu, te whakakoi, te whakahihiri me te whakahohe.
(1) Te tango hinu, te whakakorikori: Ko te tango hinu te nuinga hei tango i te hinu, i ngā paru me ētahi atu poke rauropi i runga i te mata o te paura taimana, kia pai ai te piri me te mahi pai o te paninga e whai ake nei. Ka taea e te whakakorikori te hanga i ētahi poka iti me ngā kapiti i runga i te mata o te taimana, ka whakanui ake i te taratara o te mata o te taimana, ehara i te mea ka pai ake te mimiti o ngā katote whakarewa ki tēnei wāhi, ka āwhina i te whakakikorua matū me te whakakikorua hiko i muri mai, engari ka hanga hoki i ngā hikoinga ki runga i te mata o te taimana, ka whakarato i ngā āhuatanga pai mō te tipu o te whakakikorua matū, te paparanga whakatakotoranga whakarewa whakakikorua hiko rānei.
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te NaOH me ētahi atu otinga kawakore te tikanga mō te tango hinu, ā, mō te tango whakakoi, ko te waikawa hauota me ētahi atu otinga waikawa te tikanga matū mata hei keri i te mata taimana. Hei tāpiri, me whakamahi ēnei hononga e rua me te mīhini horoi ultrasonic, he mea pai hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te tango hinu paura taimana me te whakakoi, hei penapena i te wā i roto i te tukanga tango hinu me te whakakoi, hei whakarite hoki i te hua o te tango hinu me te kōrero whakakoi.
(2) Te whakaaweawe me te whakahohe: ko te tukanga whakaaweawe me te whakahohe te taahiraa tino nui o te tukanga whakakikorua matū katoa, e pā tika ana ki te taea o te whakakikorua matū. Ko te whakaaweawe he mimiti i ngā matū ngāwari te waikura ki runga i te mata o te paura taimana kāore he kaha autocatalytic. Ko te whakahohe he mimiti i te waikura o te waikawa hypophosphoric me ngā katote konganuku hohe (pērā i te palladium konganuku) ki runga i te whakahekenga o ngā matūriki nikara, kia tere ake ai te tere o te whakatakotoranga o te paninga ki runga i te mata o te paura taimana.
I te nuinga o te wā, he poto rawa te wā maimoatanga whakaaweawe me te whakahohe, he iti ake te hanganga o te ira palladium o te mata taimana, kāore i te rawaka te mimiti o te paninga, he ngāwari te taka atu o te paparanga paninga, he uaua rānei te hanga i tētahi paninga katoa, ā, he roa rawa te wā maimoatanga, ka waiho hei ururua o te ira palladium, nō reira, ko te wā pai rawa atu mō te maimoatanga whakaaweawe me te whakahohe ko te 20~30 meneti.
(3) Whakakikorua matū nikara: ehara i te mea ko te hanganga o te wairewa paninga anake te pānga o te tukanga whakakikorua matū nikara, engari ko te pāmahana me te uara PH o te wairewa paninga. Ko te whakakikorua matū nikara pāmahana teitei tuku iho, ko te pāmahana whānui ka noho ki te 80~85℃, neke atu i te 85℃ ka ngāwari te pirau o te wairewa whakakikorua, ā, ki te iti iho i te 85℃ te pāmahana, ka tere ake te tere o te tauhohenga. Ki te piki ake te uara PH, ka piki ake te tere o te whakatakoto paninga, engari ka āraihia hoki te tere tauhohenga matū e te pH, nā reira i roto i te tukanga whakakikorua matū nikara mā te arotau i te hanganga me te ōwehenga o te wairewa whakakikorua matū, ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga whakakikorua matū, te whakahaere i te tere whakatakoto paninga matū, te kiato paninga, te ātete ki te waikura paninga, te tikanga kiato paninga, te paura taimana paninga kia tutuki ai te hiahia o te whanaketanga ahumahi.
Hei tāpiritanga, kāore pea te paninga kotahi e tutuki i te matotoru o te paninga e tika ana, ā, tera pea ka puta he mirumiru, he kōhao iti me ētahi atu hapa, nō reira ka taea te whakamahi i ngā paninga maha hei whakapai ake i te kounga o te paninga me te whakanui ake i te marara o te paura taimana pania.
2. te hanga nikara hiko
Nā te aroaro o te whākōkī i roto i te paparanga paninga i muri i te whakakikoruatanga nikara taimana matū, ka hua ake he kawe hiko ngoikore, ka pā ki te tukanga uta onepu o te taputapu taimana (te tukanga o te whakapiri i ngā matūriki taimana ki te mata o te matrix), nō reira ka taea te whakamahi i te paparanga whakakikoruatanga kāore he whākōkī hei whakakikoruatanga nikara. Ko te mahi motuhake ko te maka i te paura taimana ki roto i te otinga paninga kei roto ngā katote nikara, ka pa atu ngā matūriki taimana ki te irahiko hiko kino ki roto i te katote, ka rumakina te poraka konganuku nikara ki roto i te otinga whakakikoruatanga ka hono atu ki te irahiko hiko pai hei anote, mā te mahi hikohiko, ka whakaitihia ngā katote nikara kore utu i roto i te otinga paninga hei ngota i runga i te mata taimana, ā, ka tipu ngā ngota ki roto i te paninga.
01 Te hanganga o te otinga whakakikorua
Pērā i te otinga whakakikorua matū, ko te otinga whakakikorua hiko te mea nui hei whakarato i ngā katote konganuku e tika ana mō te tukanga whakakikorua hiko, ā, hei whakahaere i te tukanga whakatakoto nikara kia whiwhi ai i te paninga konganuku e hiahiatia ana. Ko ōna wāhanga matua ko te tote matua, te kaihohe kaha anode, te kaihohe ārai, ngā tāpiringa me ērā atu.
(1) Tote matua: te nuinga o te whakamahi i te nikara whanariki, te nikara amino sulfonate, me ētahi atu. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te teitei ake o te kukū tote matua, ko te tere ake o te horapa i roto i te otinga whakakikorua, ko te teitei ake o te pai o te iahiko, ko te tere o te whakatakotoranga whakarewa, engari ka pakupaku ngā pata paninga, ā, ko te hekenga o te kukū tote matua, ka kino ake te kawe hiko o te paninga, ā, he uaua ki te whakahaere.
(2) Kaihoko hohe o te anode: nā te mea he ngāwari te whakakore i te anode, he ngāwari ki te kawe hiko ngoikore, ka pā ki te ōritetanga o te tohatoha o te iahiko, nō reira me tāpiri te nikara hauota, te konutai hauota me ētahi atu kaihoko hei whakahohe anodic hei whakatairanga i te whakahohenga o te anode, hei whakapai ake i te kiato o te iahiko o te whakakorenga o te anode.
(3) Kaihoko whakapūmau: pērā i te otinga whakakikorua matū, ka taea e te kaihoko whakapūmau te pupuri i te pumau o te otinga whakakikorua me te pH katote, kia taea ai te huri i roto i te awhe e whakaaetia ana o te tukanga whakakikorua hiko. Kei roto i te kaihoko whakapūmau noa te waikawa boric, te waikawa acetic, te konutai paikāpōnate me ētahi atu.
(4) Ētahi atu tāpiri: kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga o te paninga, tāpirihia he nui tika o te kaihopu kanapa, te kaihopu whakataurite, te kaihopu whakamakuku me ngā kaihopu rerekē me ētahi atu tāpiri hei whakapai ake i te kounga o te paninga.
02 Te rere o te nikara whakakikoruatia ki te taimana
1. Te maimoatanga i mua i te whakakikoruatanga: he maha ngā wā kāore te taimana e kawe hiko, ā, me whakakikorua ki tētahi paparanga konganuku mā roto i ētahi atu tukanga whakakikoruatanga. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te tikanga whakakikoruatanga matū hei whakakikoruatanga i tētahi paparanga konganuku me te whakamātotoru, nō reira ka pā te kounga o te whakakikoruatanga matū ki te kounga o te paparanga whakakikoruatanga ki tētahi taumata. I te nuinga o te wā, he nui te pānga o te nui o te whākawa i roto i te whakakikoruatanga matū ki te kounga o te whakakikoruatanga, ā, he pai ake te ātete waikura o te whakakikoruatanga whākawa teitei i roto i te taiao waikawa, he nui ake te pupuhi o te mata whakakikoruatanga, he nui te taratara o te mata, ā, kāore he āhuatanga aukume; he ātete waikura, he ātete kakahu hoki te whakakikoruatanga whākawa waenga; he pai ake te kawe hiko o te whakakikoruatanga whākawa iti.
Hei tāpiri, ko te iti o te rahi o te matūriki o te paura taimana, ko te nui ake o te horahanga mata motuhake. I te wā e pania ana, ka ngāwari te rere i roto i te otinga whakakikorua, ka puta he turuturu, he whakakikorua, he āhuatanga paparanga wetekina o te paninga. I mua i te whakakikorua, me whakahaere te ihirangi P me te kounga paninga, me whakahaere te kawe hiko me te mātotoru o te paura taimana hei whakapai ake i te ngāwari o te rere o te paura.
2, whakakikorua nikara: i tēnei wā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te whakakikorua paura taimana ki te tikanga whakakikorua hurihuri, arā, ka tāpirihia te nui tika o te otinga whakakikorua hiko ki roto i te pounamu, ka tāpirihia he nui o te paura taimana horihori ki roto i te otinga whakakikorua hiko, mā te hurihanga o te pounamu, ka panaia te paura taimana ki roto i te pounamu kia hurihuri. I taua wā anō, ka honoa te irahiko pai ki te poraka nikara, ā, ka honoa te irahiko kino ki te paura taimana horihori. I raro i te mahi a te mara hiko, ka hangaia e ngā iona nikara kore utu i roto i te otinga whakakikorua he nikara whakarewa ki runga i te mata o te paura taimana horihori. Heoi, he raruraru kei tēnei tikanga ko te iti o te whai huatanga o te whakakikorua me te koretake o te whakakikorua, nō reira i puta ai te tikanga irahiko hurihuri.
Ko te tikanga hurihuri o te irahiko ko te hurihuri i te katote i roto i te whakakikoruatanga paura taimana. Mā tēnei ka taea te whakanui ake i te horahanga whakapā i waenga i te irahiko me ngā matūriki taimana, te whakanui ake i te kawe hiko ōrite i waenga i ngā matūriki, te whakapai ake i te āhua paninga kore taurite, me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa whakakikoruatanga nikara taimana.
whakarāpopototanga poto
Hei rauemi mata matua mō ngā taputapu taimana, he huarahi nui te whakarerekētanga o te mata o te paura iti taimana hei whakarei ake i te kaha whakahaere o te matrix me te whakapai ake i te roa o te mahi a ngā taputapu. Hei whakapai ake i te tere uta onepu o ngā taputapu taimana, ka taea te whakakikorua i te mata o te paura iti taimana ki te paparanga nikara me te whākawa kia whiwhi ai i tētahi kawe hiko, kātahi ka whakamātotoru i te paparanga whakakikorua mā te whakakikorua nikara, kia whakarei ake ai te kawe hiko. Heoi, me mōhio kāore he pokapū hohenga whakaterenga o te mata taimana tonu, nō reira me tukatuka mua i mua i te whakakikorua matū.
ngā tuhinga tohutoro:
Liu Han. He rangahau mō te hangarau paninga mata me te kounga o te paura taimana horihori [D]. Te Whare Wānanga Hangarau o Zhongyuan.
Yang Biao, Yang Jun, me Yuan Guangsheng. He rangahau mō te tukanga maimoatanga o mua i te paninga mata taimana [J]. Te paerewa ātea.
Li Jinghua. Rangahau mō te whakarerekētanga mata me te whakamahinga o te paura taimana horihori i whakamahia mō te kani waea [D]. Te Whare Wānanga Hangarau o Zhongyuan.
Fang Lili, Zheng Lian, Wu Yanfei, me ētahi atu. Te tukanga whakakikorua nikara matū o te mata taimana horihori [J]. Journal of IOL.
Kua tāia anōtia tēnei tuhinga ki te whatunga rauemi pakari rawa
Wā tuku: Maehe-13-2025
